Hou, JiaxinAydemir, Berk EmreDumanli, Ahu Gümrah; orcid: 0000-0002-7106-4875; email: ahugumrah.parry@manchester.ac.uk2021-10-142021-10-142021-08-02Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, volume 379, issue 2206, page 20200331http://hdl.handle.net/10034/626098From The Royal Society via Jisc Publications RouterHistory: accepted 2021-06-08, pub-electronic 2021-08-02, pub-print 2021-09-20Article version: VoRPublication status: PublishedChitin is one of the most abundant biopolymers, and it has adopted many different structural conformations using a combination of different natural processes like biopolymerization, crystallization and non-equilibrium self-assembly. This leads to a number of striking physical effects like complex light scattering and polarization as well as unique mechanical properties. In doing so, chitin uses a fine balance between the highly ordered chain conformations in the nanofibrils and random disordered structures. In this opinion piece, we discuss the structural hierarchy of chitin, its crystalline states and the natural biosynthesis processes to create such specific structures and diversity. Among the examples we explored, the unified question arises from the generation of completely different bioarchitectures like the Christmas tree-like nanostructures, gyroids or helicoidal geometries using similar dynamic non-equilibrium growth processes. Understanding the in vivo development of such structures from gene expressions, enzymatic activities as well as the chemical matrix employed in different stages of the biosynthesis will allow us to shift the material design paradigms. Certainly, the complexity of the biology requires a collaborative and multi-disciplinary research effort. For the future's advanced technologies, using chitin will ultimately drive many innovations and alternatives using biomimicry in materials science. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Bio-derived and bioinspired sustainable advanced materials for emerging technologies (part 1)'.Licence for VoR version of this article: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ARTICLESOpinion piecechitinbiomaterialbioinspired opticalmechanicalcrystalline propertiesarticle2021-10-14