Ross, JosephineYilmaz, MandyDale, RachelCassidy, RoseYildirim, IrazZeedyk, M. Suzanne2016-04-112016-04-112016-01-29Ross, J., Yilmaz, M., Dale, R., Cassidy, R., Yildirim, I., & Zeedyk, M. S. (2017). Cultural differences in self-recognition: the early development of autonomous and related selves? Developmental Science, 20(3), e12387. DOI: 10.1111/desc.123871363-755X10.1111/desc.12387http://hdl.handle.net/10034/605019This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Ross, J., Yilmaz, M., Dale, R., Cassidy, R., Yildirim, I., & Zeedyk, M. S. (2017). Cultural differences in self-recognition: the early development of autonomous and related selves? Developmental Science, 20(3), e12387. DOI: 10.1111/desc.12387, which has been published in final form at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/desc.12387/abstract;jsessionid=8C6927FBEA1D6A55BDF8C81A3012FB82.f03t01. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving.Fifteen- to 18-month-old infants from three nationalities were observed interacting with their mothers and during two self-recognition tasks. Scottish interactions were characterized by distal contact, Zambian interactions by proximal contact, and Turkish interactions by a mixture of contact strategies. These culturally distinct experiences may scaffold different perspectives on self. In support, Scottish infants performed best in a task requiring recognition of the self in an individualistic context (mirror self-recognition), whereas Zambian infants performed best in a task requiring recognition of the self in a less individualistic context (body-as-obstacle task). Turkish infants performed similarly to Zambian infants on the body-as-obstacle task, but outperformed Zambians on the mirror self-recognition task. Verbal contact (a distal strategy) was positively related to mirror self-recognition and negatively related to passing the body-as-obstacle task. Directive action and speech (proximal strategies) were negatively related to mirror self-recognition. Self-awareness performance was best predicted by cultural context; autonomous settings predicted success in mirror self-recognition, and related settings predicted success in the body-as-obstacle task. These novel data substantiate the idea that cultural factors may play a role in the early expression of self-awareness. More broadly, the results highlight the importance of moving beyond the mark test, and designing culturally sensitive tests of self-awareness.enAn error occurred on the license name.An error occurred getting the license - uri.Self-recognitionCultureArticle1467-7687Developmental Science